专题05 阅读理解之议论文-2025年中考英语一轮语法复习题型讲义（全国通用）

2025年中考英语一轮语法复习题型讲义

专题05 阅读理解之议论文

【复习目标】                                                                   

1．熟练语篇类型和语篇结构

2．明确命题规律和提问方式

  3．掌握不同题型的解题方法

【考情分析】                                                                    

阅读理解议论文命题规律

【名师解难】

议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，是作者对所论述事件的基本看法和立场；是文章要表达的主要思想；找准论点有助干把握文章的整体方向和理解文章主题的深层内涵。论据是作者所引用的用以证明和支持论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证，或是统计数据等，理清论据材料的内容能够帮助读者更深层次地理解论点的含义。论证方法多种多样，常见的有:1．归纳法，即从分析个别事例入手，找出事物的共同特点，从而得出结论；2．演绎法，即从一般原理出发，对个别事物进行说明、分析后得出结论；3．比较对照法，即对所有事实、方面进行对照，找出异同之处，然后加以分析，得出结论；

4．驳论法，即先列出错误的观点，然后加以逐条批驳，反证自己观点的正确性。

1．细节理解：细节理解题在中考阅读理解试题中所占比例最大，不过相对来说较简单，通过题干的关键词，在文中找到相关信息，仔细对比，就能得出答案。其正确选项特征为：同义替换、语言简化、正话反说等。

2．主旨大意：主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，以概括中心大意、段落大意、选择标题及判断作者写作意图等形式出现。其正确选项特征为：涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段；确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小；精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。

3．作者观点：站在作者的角度，通过逻辑关系，研究细节，推敲作者的态度，理解文章寓意的能力；一般不出现绝对概念。

4． 词义猜测：考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词或词组往往超出考纲范围。一般利用上下文线索、语法知识、上下文逻辑、构词法和常识等手段。

议论文答题技巧

一、重视文章标题，找准全文主题句，把握文章主旨

标题往往是全文的主题，审视标题，有利于理解全文，提高解题效率。主题句对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用。根据主题句既可以知道文章议论的是什么，也可以知道作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。议论文题材偏难，但其框架一般都很清晰，多采用总—分—总的结构，交替使用正面和反面的论证方式。通常，先总说现象或观点；其次，正面陈述、反面论证；最后作者表明自己的态度，再次总结文章。通常主题句会出现在文章的首句或句末，在这些地方要多留意表示归纳的词汇，也可以在具体事例之后或之前的表示观点的陈述句中寻找。

二、细读文章，注意文章细节理解

除主旨题外，细节理解题也是阅读理解题中的基础题，它主要考查学生对文中的具体事例、数字、时间、地点等的理解。经常出现排序题(按事情发展顺序排序)，图表题(按文章内容找出正确图形)，正误题(依据文章内容对所列的陈述进行正误判断) 。对这种题型，无论细节题如何变化形式，立足点都应是从文章中找出相应词句作为依据。虽然答案中有的细节在文中很清楚，但可能与问题无关。细节题的破解一般用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、分析、对比，有根据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。假如问题采用的是反向思维，题中含有not或except等表示否定意义的词，则需要更加留意。此法可以加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确率。做此类题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。

三、理解整体语篇，掌握作者意图

做推理判断题要求考生在阅读理解整体语篇的同时，对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，站在作者的视角，而不是主观臆断、凭空想象，从而走入误区。英语文章讲究使用主题段与主题句，段与段之间通常有过渡性词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯。有时文章还会在时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑推理上运用较高级的手段进行组编。要想准确、深刻地理解文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握全篇的文脉，即句内、句间和段落间的修辞手段或逻辑关系。作者往往在构思语篇前会进行预先设定：读者知道什么，不知道什么，读者可能与自己共同拥有什么样的生活经验、思想见地和需求欲望等，然后设计一些隐藏在语篇深层的＂潜台词＂。因此，这类试题要求考生利用主题句进行推测，揣摩文字背后作者的意图，运用背景知识去挖掘文章的深层含义，从而正确理解作者的言外之意，同时认真体会文章的语气与感情基调。

四、多读多背，扩大词汇量，掌握猜词技巧

由于当今的阅读文章题材广泛，体裁多样，经常出现一词多义，甚至出现没学过的词汇。许多学生感到困扰很大，有的甚至烦躁得难以坚持阅读下去。要解决阅读中的生词问题，一是要扩大英语词汇量，二是要学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，如：利用同义、反义、上义、下义、词的集合、词的搭配等关系；利用照应、替代、省略、定义、举例等情境关系；利用词缀、转化、合成等构词法；利用后置定语或同位语等语法结构；利用前后对比或因果推理法等。

总之，想要提高阅读能力，尤其是对考生来说难度较大的议论文阅读，学生应能从篇章和试题双方面入手。通过观察、体验、探究等积极主动的学习方法，优化阅读理解中议论文的解题思路和方法策略，提高学生自主学习的能力。

（一）

（2023·安徽·校联考模拟预测）

No one wants to work at a messy（凌乱的） desk and look lazy． But does a messy desktop actually mean that? Not all disorders mean you mess everything up．

People who like a messy desk have their own ideas． Some think it makes them comfortable． Some believe it helps them focus（专注） more easily． Messy tables can make it easier to focus on the tasks, just like some writers can write patiently in a noisy place． Others may be the people who want to do things perfectly． They usually put away the less important things and do the most important ones perfectly, which leads to paper mountains on the desktop．

Research shows that people working with a messy desktop are probably more creative and like to take risks． But people with a tidy one often follow the rules and may not like to try new things． For example, in an experiment（实验） done by Kathleen Vohs, people in the messy group came up with more interesting and creative ideas about the new uses of ping-pong balls． Vohs says, “Messy environments seem to inspire（激发） people to think up fresh ideas．”

But a messy desk might not be the best choice all the time． When you need new ideas, a messy desk might be a good choice; but when you want to do a task quickly and successfully, it seems better to make a desk clean and tidy．

1．Why do some people like a messy desk?

A．Because they are lazy and untidy．         B．Because they want to do things well．

C．Because it helps them focus on tasks easily．   D．Because it helps them do their work patiently．

2．What does the experiment done by Kathleen Vohs show us?

A．Disorder is welcomed by most people in this world．

B．A messy desktop has a bad influence on people’s minds．

C．People working with a tidy desktop can also be successful．

D．People working with a messy desktop may be more creative．

3．What can be the best title for the passage?

A．Messy Desk: Do People Need to Change It?

B．Messy Desk: Does It Make People Comfortable?

C．Messy Desk: Do People Get Used to It?

D．Messy Desk: Does It Help People Work Patiently?

（2023·四川绵阳·统考模拟预测）

History is full of heroes, who have made an enormous impact (影响) on the world．

Full Rizer Red (《满江红》), one of the hit movies in 2023, reminded me of Yue Fei, our national hero． He led the army to fight bravely against Jin, not to yield (屈服) to the traitor (叛徒) Qin Hui． Yue Fei, according to China’s history, is a real hero． His story has been passed down through the ages, beginning with his life in the Southern Song Dynasty．

There are heroes in every time period． Heroes are people who do something brave, unusual, or important． Heroes are men and women who take risks． In the face of natural disasters, there are also many retrograde (逆行的) heroes． They make a positive (积极的) difference in the world．

Some heroes lived long ago． George Washington was the first president of the United States． Some heroes did great things recently． Sally Ride was an astronaut and an educator, and the first American woman to go into space．

Some of the greatest heroes did not just do remarkable things that made them famous． In their everyday lives, they behaved in ways that made people admire their character． Character is a group of qualities that make up who a person is． Heroes are often people with great character．

Many people with great character are honest． Honest people tell the truth, even when it is hard to do it． Someone with great character may also be compassionate． A compassionate person cares about others and works to help them．

A person with great character may also be responsible． Responsible people do things they promise to do． Other people can depend on them．

Heroes build from their great character to deliver great action． Do you have a hero?

4．What kind of difference do heroes make in the world?

A．A small difference．                             B．A negative (消极的) difference．

C．A positive difference．                          D．A cruel difference．

5．What does the underlined word “admire” mean in this article?

A．Look after．      B．Look for．             C．Look forward to．  D．Look up to．

6．What can be concluded from Paragraph 3 about doing something brave?

A．Women are more likely to do something brave than men are．

B．Doing something brave makes a difference in the world．

C．Doing something brave is the same thing as doing something unusual．

D．What a hero does is taking risks．

7．From this article, what is the very quality that people admire in others?

A．Honesty．         B．Beauty．                C．Shyness．              D．Humor．

8．What is the main idea of this article?

A．Heroes are people who make a positive difference in the world through their actions．

B．Sally Ride was an astronaut, an educator, and the first American woman to go into space．

C．Honesty, compassion, and responsibility are some of the qualities that can make up a person’s character．

D．Yue Fei remains one of the most heroic figures in Chinese history．

（2023·陕西西安·校考模拟预测）

Think about that if you are criticized (批评) for doing something wrong, how would you feel?

Much like artists turn something useless into something useful, you can learn to get some useful experience from criticism．

For most of us, the mistake is to consider criticism as a bad thing． That leads us to close our minds and looks down upon what others said． But the problem is that the truth is often hidden behind it． No matter how smart you are and how hard you work, there is always room for you to improve．

Some criticism may be wrong． But even in these cases, it’s valuable because it helps you see your actions through another point． Learning from such criticism requires the ability to make feelings work for you, instead of being against with you． You can turn negative feedback (负面回馈) into something useful by asking yourself the following questions:

Putting my personal feelings aside, what can I learn from this person’s criticism?

How can I use this feedback to help me improve?

When you see the criticism as an opportunity for growth, it can help you to improve your ideas greatly． It’s never good to hear that you are wrong． When you do everything, remember this: praise is nice． But it’s the people who tell you the truth that make you better． It’s the ones who challenge you that will make you grow．

9．How did the writer start the passage?

A．By listing a fact．                                B．By telling a story． C．By asking a question．     D．By giving a reason．

10．Why is some wrong criticism valuable?

A．Because it can help us to realize how smart we are．

B．Because we can get some useful experience from it．

C．Because it can help us to see our actions in another way．

D．Because it can leads us to close our minds．

11．What’s the writer’s opinion on criticism?

A．He thinks we should consider it as an opportunity for growth．

B．He thinks it is a bad thing．

C．He thinks all the criticism is wrong．

D．He thinks we can hardly turn it into something useful．

…………

参考答案

1．C    2．D    3．A

【导语】本文主要围绕桌面凌乱对人的影响展开论述，通过实例验证了在桌面凌乱的环境下工作的人更具有创造性，分析了桌面整洁与凌乱的不同影响。

1．细节理解题。根据“People who like a messy desk have their own ideas． Some think it makes them comfortable． Some believe it helps them focus（专注） more easily．”（喜欢凌乱办公桌的人有自己的想法。有些人认为这让他们感到舒适。一些人认为这有助于他们更容易集中注意力）可知，因为凌乱的办公桌能帮助他们更容易地专注于任务。故选C。

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