11 历史人物-2025年中考英语最新热点时文阅读

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2025年中考英语最新热点时文阅读

11 历史人物

01

At the end of the Warring States Period (战国时期), Ying Zheng unified six states and started the Qin Dynasty. But soon, after his son Huhai became the new emperor, the six states wanted to rise again. They were often at war with Qin.

One day, Zhao couldn’t win against Qin’s army and asked for help from Chu. The ruler of Chu agreed to send an army. Song Yi was the leader of the army and Xiang Yu was his deputy (副官).

When this army reached a town by the Zhanghe River, Song decided to stay there for a while. The soldiers had to wait for his orders while cold and hungry. But Song himself enjoyed nice food and interesting performances. About a month later, Xiang finally lost his patience and killed Song.

When he became the new leader of the army, Xiang sent a group of soldiers to cross the Zhanghe River first to help Zhao. Xiang then ordered the rest of his soldiers, “Break all the pots and sink all the boats. Either your enemies die, or you die!”

There was no way of turning back. When the soldiers met Qin’s army, they shouted loudly and fought very bravely. In the end, Xiang’s army won the war.

1．Who unified six states at the end of the Warring States Period?

A．Huhai.              B．Xiang Yu.               C．Ying Zheng.            D．Song Yi.

2．What did Chu do after Zhao asked for help?

A．Chu kept silent and didn’t reply to Zhao. B．Chu agreed to send an army to help Zhao.

C．Chu helped Qin to fight against Zhao.     D．Chu killed the leader of Qin.

3．Why did Xiang Yu kill Song Yi?

A．Because they are enemies from different armies.

B．Because Song Yi enjoyed himself while his soldiers were hungry and cold.

C．Because Chu’s emperor ordered Xiang Yu to do so.

D．Because Xiang didn’t want to cross the river.

4．What famous Chinese idiom is from this story?

A．三顾茅庐          B．草木皆兵               C．完璧归赵               D．破釜沉舟

02

Zu Chongzhi was one of the greatest mathematicians in ancient China. He was born during the Northern and Southern dynasties. His family were very talented. They had been studying mathematics and astronomy (天文学) for generations. From a young age. Zu was taught natural science, astronomy, math. philosophy (哲学) and so on. The little boy was interested in all of these subjects, especially in math.

Zu was best known for his calculation of pi. According to historical records, he did all the work using only wooden sticks. It took him lots of time to work out the value—between 3, 1415926 and 3, 1415927. No one at that time was able to calculate it more accurately (准确地) than Zu. The achievement has been recognized around the world. In order to remember Zu, some mathematicians have suggested calling pi “Zu Lv (祖率)”. Zu was also known for working out how to calculate the volume (体积) of a sphere (球). He did this with the help of his son Zu Gengzhi. The two recorded their achievement in Zhui Shu. The book was used during the Tang dynasty.

But Zu was successful not only in math; he did a good job in astronomy, too. He worked out that a year should be 365. 24281481 days long and created the Daming Calendar. However, government officials at that time did not agree with Zu. The great mathematician never saw his calendar put into use after his death, Zu Gengzhi kept on proving that the Daming Calendar was more accurate. Almost ten years later, the new calendar was finally accepted.

Zu was also an inventor. He once made a vehicle that carried a pointer. However the vehicle turned, the pointer always pointed to the South. Zu also invented the 1, 000-li Boat. The boat could travel 100 li (about 60 kilometers) in a day.

1．What’s the best structure for the text?

2．Which question can get the answer from the book Zhui Shu?

A．How to do calculations using wooden sticks?

B．How to work out the accurate value of pi?

C．How to calculate the volume of a sphere?

D．How to prove that a year is 365, 24281481 days long?

3．The Daming Calendar was not immediately put into use because ________.

A．government officials refused to use the calendar

B．Zu Gengzhi proved that the calendar was inaccurate

C．the calendar was hard for the general public to accept

D．Zu Chongzhi later discovered mistakes in the calendar

4．Which picture most probably shows Zu Chongzhi’s invention?

5．What is the best title of the text?

A．A great dynasty in ancient China            B．The achievements in ancient China

C．A story about Zu Chengzhi and his son    D．Zu Chongzhi’s great achievements

03

Yue Fei is one of China’s famous heroes. When Northern Song was invaded (入侵), Yue had to make a difficult choice: he wanted to protect his country, but he also wanted to take care of his mother.

To encourage him, his mother wrote four Chinese characters (汉字) on his back: jing zhong bao guo. Then Yue Fei went off to war.

In 1127, the Jin Dynasty (朝代) invaded Kaifeng, the capital of Northern Song. The Southern Song Dynasty was founded then. And Yue Fei led his army to fight against Jin’s soldiers.

There were many soldiers following Yue Fei. If these mates fell ill, Yue would bring medicine to them in time. If they died in war, Yue would help their families. When receiving awards (奖赏) from the emperor (皇帝), Yue always shared those awards with them.

However, a group of officials headed by Qin Hui told the emperor that Yue Fei might become too powerful and do something bad to the country. So Yue Fei had to return to the capital and all his rights were taken away. One year later, he was put to death when he was 39 years old.

1．Why was it difficult for Yue Fei to make a choice?

A．Because he worried that he would die in the wars.

B．Because he wondered whether he would die in the wars.

C．Because he didn’t know whether he could beat the enemies.

D．Because he wanted to take care of both his country and his mother.

2．What can we know from the passage?

A．Yue Fei cared deeply for his mates.       B．Yue Fei also treated wounded patients

C．Yue Fei looked after all his soldiers’ families. D．Yue Fei always accepted gifts from his mates.

3．What is the correct order according to the passage?

A．b-a-d-c            B．a-b-d-c                   C．d-b-a-c                   D．c-a-d-b

4．Which of the following may be written by Yue Fei?

A．国破山河在，城春草木深                   B．人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青

C．但使龙城飞将在，不教胡马度阴山     D．三十功名尘与土，八千里路云和月

5．This passage is written to ________

A．carry forward the spirit of loving our country.

B．introduce the history of Southern Song Dynasty.

C．show the development of Northern Song Dynasty.

D．tell the ways of becoming stronger for a country.

04

Li Shizhen (1518—1593), was a famous Chinese medical scientist, pharmacist (药学家) and naturalist (博物学家) of the Ming Dynasty. Li Shizhen’s grandfather was a medical practitioner (从业人员) who travelled the countryside, and his father, Li Yanwen, was also a famous local doctor. Grown up in a medical family like this, he was really fond of medicine since he was a kid. However, his father wanted him to study for the imperial examinations (科举考试) and did not encourage him to practise medicine due to the low social status (地位) at the time. However, Li Shizhen didn’t give up studying medicine.

When Li Shizhen was young, he enjoyed traditional Chinese medicine and began to read medical books. He found many mistakes in those books. He worried these mistakes would cause serious problems or death. So Li Shizhen decided to write a new book. He travelled everywhere to look for herbs (药草) and do research. And he talked with farmers, doctors and patients. He even tested herbs on himself and almost lost his life many times. Li Shizhen collected and recorded over 1,890 herbs. He also read about 900 medical books. He worked day and night. Finally the valuable work, Compendium of Materia Medica or Bencao Gangmu, came out.

Today Materia Medica has been translated into many foreign languages. It is widely read not only in China but also in many other countries around the world.

1．From the passage, Li Shizhen is a (an)_________.

A．artist                B．doctor                    C．traveller                 D．farmer

2．Which is Li Shizhen’s famous work?

A．《茶经》          B．《千金方》             C．《本草纲目》          D．《伤寒杂病论》

3．Why did Li Shizhen write Compendium of Materia Medica?

A．He wanted to be famous.                      B．He wanted to be a great writer.

C．He wanted to save more people.            D．He wanted to make enough money.

4．Which is TRUE according to the passage?

A．Li Shizhen didn’t like herbs.

B．Li Shizhen’s grandfather was a farmer.

C．Li Shizhen’s father encouraged him to be a doctor.

D．Li Shizhen found many mistakes in the medical books.

5．Which is the best title (标题) for the passage?

A．A Story of The Herbs

B．Li Shizhen and His Family

C．A Medical Scientist of The Song Dynasty

D．Li Shizhen and Compendium of Materia Medica

05

阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的 A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

During the Han dynasty, there was a general (将军) named Ban Chao. One day, he was sent to visit Shanshan state (鄯善国)-near modern Xinjiang in the west.

The     1     of Ban’s trip was to establish (建立) good relations with the state. He brought only about 30 soldiers with him. The Shanshan king met them kindly and treated them well.

At that time there was a nation called Xiongnu or Hun in the north. It often fought     2     Han’s army. A few days later, Xiongnu also sent messengers (使者) with lots of soldiers to the state. They spoke     3     of Ban to the king of Shanshan. The king began to show a cold attitude (态度) towards Ban’s group.

When Ban saw this, he said to his soldiers, “The Shanshan king is     4     treating us in a friendly way any longer. If we don’t do anything, he may     5     us over to the Huns. If so, we will neither be able to complete our task     6     return alive.”

The general said, “The Huns have     7     soldiers than we do and the Shanshan king must support them. So we have no choice but     8     all of the soldiers at the Huns army camp when they slept.”

At night, Ban led his soldiers     9     to the Huns’ camp. There, he set fire and beat the war drums loudly. The Hun soldiers were very     10    . After a fierce battle (激战), Ban’s army killed more than 100 enemies.

The king admired (钦佩) Ban’s bravery and feared Ban at the same time. He immediately signed a peace treaty (条约) with Ban.

1．A．experience         B．purpose                  C．trouble                   D．method

2．A．for                   B．with                       C．behind                    D．against

3．A．highly               B．warmly                  C．badly                     D．coldly

4．A．often                B．always                   C．never                     D．hardly

5．A．hand                 B．take                       C．get                         D．pass

6．A．nor                   B．or                          C．but                         D．and

7．A．less                   B．more                      C．fewer                     D．weaker

8．A．kill                   B．save                       C．to save                   D．to kill

9．A．quickly             B．secretly                  C．slowly                    D．happily

10．A．relaxed            B．excited                   C．frightened               D．interested

06

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的词，或填入括号中所给单词的适当形式。

Narrow lanes about two metres wide, or six chi in traditional Chinese units, are very common in China. However, Anhui Province, is perhaps     1     (famous) one of all.

The story about it happened between two local     2     (family) in the Qing Dynasty. The Zhangs and the Wus, once argued how they     3     (divide) the line between their homes. They couldn’t reach an agreement. The Zhang family was angry. Their relative Zhang Ying had a high government position in the capital,     4     they wrote him a letter to ask for his advice. When the reply came, they opened it only to find     5     poem.

A letter from far away just for a wall

Is not right or good at all.

Three chi to your neighbour     6     a gift.

Is nothing as time continues to drift.

    7     wise Zhang Ying was! After     8     (read) it, the Zhang family felt ashamed (羞愧) and     9     (move) by this act deeply. In return, they decided to do the same thing. They gave up another three chi. So came the six-chi-wide lane between the two houses.

Hundreds of years     10     (pass) since then and the lane is still there. People of Tongcheng still keep the poem in mind. Whenever they walk down the lane, they always remember how one’s kindness encourages the kindness of another.

07

How long or far is sanshe in the idiom “tuibi sanshe (退避三舍)”?

In ancient times, she was a unit of distance. One she is as far as 30 li. One li is 500 meters and 30 li is 15,000 meters. So sanshe is 45 k    1    .

There is a story behind this idiom. During the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC), Prince Chong’er of the Jin state ran away f    2     his home state. He wanted to travel to other states.

Once, he went to the state of Chu. King Chengwang of Chu saw him a    3     an important guest and served him a feast (盛宴). He asked Chong’er, “If you rule the state of Jin one day, how would you thank me?” “It seems your state has e    4     you want. I have nothing that you like,” Chong’er said. However, the king still asked for something. Finally, Chong’er said, “I would ask my army to retreat (撤退) sanshe if we ever fight.”

Later, Chong’er returned to his home state of Jin and became i    5     ruler called Wengong. Both of the two states wanted to become stronger and get m    6     land. They went to war with each other.

Jin Wengong didn’t break h    7     promise. He asked his army to retreat sanshe and stay in Chengpu. The Chu army t    8     that the Jin soldiers were afraid to fight, so they followed them. T    9     their surprise, the Jin army surrounded (包围) them. In the end, Jin w    10     the war. This was the famous Battle of Chengpu. After this war, people used “tuibi sanshe” to mean retreating to avoid a conflict (冲突).

08

综合填空 根据短文内容，在横线上填上适当单词，使短文完整、通顺。

Many years ago, there were many states in China. The State of Qi used to be very strong, but it became less powerful. So the king of Qi sent Yan Zi,     1     man with big wisdom, to ask Chu to support each other.

The king of Chu knew Yan Zi was very short. He tried to make Yan Zi feel shy about his     2     (high). When Yan Zi arrived, the guard told him to enter     3     the small gate. Yan Zi didn’t get angry. “Only a state of dogs will greet     4     (visit) with a gate for dogs. I’m visiting the State of Chu. This gate isn’t for me.” Yan Zi said. So the guard had to take him through the main gate.

Yan Zi’s action     5     (consider) to be against the king of Chu. So the king tried another way. “Why did Qi send YOU? Don’t they have anyone     6     (good)?”

“If Qi meets a great king, it’ll send the best ambassador (使臣). I’m the worst. That’s why I’m here.” Yan Zi     7     (reply) calmly. At this time, the guards brought a thief (小偷) to the king. The thief is from Qi, “Ha! Yan Zi, is Qi a state of thieves?” asked the king     8     (rude).

Yan Zi answered, “The orange trees south of Huai River produce big and delicious fruit,     9     the orange trees north of Huai River produce small and sour fruit. The environment makes the fruit grow differently. In Qi, people are good and honest, but here, they steal. What made that person     10    (be) a thief here?” Finally, the king looked at Yan Zi and laughed. “I was wrong about you and your state!”

09

根据短文内容及所给首字母提示写出所缺单词，使短文意思完整，每空一词。

Zu Chongzhi was one of the greatest mathematicians (数学家) in ancient China. He was b    1     during the Northern and Southern dynasties. From a young age, he was taught natural science, astronomy, math and so on. The little boy showed an i    2     in all of these subjects, especially in math.

He was best known for his calculation(计算) of pi (π). A    3     to the record, he did all the work using nothing but wooden sticks. It took him lots of time to work out the value—b    4     3.1415926 and 3. 1415927. At that time no one was able to do better than him. And now the achievement is s    5     praised by people around the world. Some mathematicians s    6     calling pi “ Zu Lv” in order to remember him.

His a    7     went beyond (超越) math. He worked out that a year should be 365. 24281481 days long and created the Daming Calendar. However, government officials at that time did not agree with him. He never saw his c    8     put into use. Almost ten years after his death, the new calendar was finally a    9     .

He was an inventor too. He once made a vehicle (车辆) that carried a pointer (指针). No matter how the vehicle turned, the pointer always pointed to the s    10    . How amazing!

10

阅读下面的短文，根据短文内容，从下面所给11个词中选择10个意义相符的词，必要时进行词形变化，填入空白处，每空一词。

Born in 701, Li Bai was one of the     1     poets of the Tang Dynasty. At the age of 24, he left home and started to travel     2     China. Throughout his life, he wrote more than one thousand poems about natural world, friendship and many other     3     things.

“To Wang Lun” was one of Li Bai’s poems, it was about his     4     with Wang Lun, an important person to him. It is said that Wang Lun respected Li Bai for his talent and dreamt of seeing him.     5     he heard that Li Bai was traveling to a place nearby, he wrote a letter to Li Bai and invited him to visit     6     hometown. In the letter, Wang Lun pictured his hometown as having peach flowers extending ten li and ten     7     wine houses.

Li Bai couldn’t find the scenes described by Wang Lun when he arrived. Wang Lun explained that “peach flowers” was the name of a pool of     8     and Wan was the family name of the wine house owner. Li Bai laughed about Wang Lun’s little trick. He understood that Wang Lun     9     wanted to see him and they became good friends.

It is known that Li Bai and the other poets of the Tang Dynasty have left so     10     great poems to us. Together they created the “golden age” of classical Chinese poetry and they will always be remembered by Chinese people.

…………

参考答案

01

1．C    2．B    3．B    4．D

【导语】本文介绍了“破釜沉舟”的故事。

1．细节理解题。根据“At the end of the Warring States Period (战国时期), Ying Zheng unified six states and started the Qin Dynasty”可知战国末期，嬴政统一六国，建立秦朝。故选C。

2．细节理解题。根据“The ruler of Chu agreed to send an army.”可知楚王同意派兵。故选B。

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