专题10 科学新发现与中国航天-2024年中考英语热点时文阅读专项训练

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2024年中考英语热点时文阅读

专题10 科学新发现与中国航天

姓名：_________ 班级：_________ 学号：_________

阅读理解A篇:改革开放45周年：藏在变化中的幸福。

B篇：余华成为首登《巴黎评论》“作家访谈”的中国作家。

C篇：用“人脑”做的“生物计算机”诞生！

D篇：科学新发现：霸王龙吃什么？化石揭示它们的饮食秘密。

E篇：拾金不昧是美德，也是义务

F篇：首个古籍大语言模型“荀子”发布

G篇：中国商业航天也在迅速发展。

语法填空：诗歌欣赏：王昌龄《塞下曲》——血泪交织的史诗尽显战争的残酷。

A 阅读理解（原创）

This year marks the 45th anniversary of the beginning of reform and opening-up (改革开放)． During this time, China has seen a tremendous transformation．

According to the National Bureau of Statistics, from 1978 to 2017, China’s total value of imports and exports increased from 35．5 billion yuan to 27．8 trillion yuan．

Xu Zhaolin, 25, and her family have first-hand experience of seeing the impact of this change． Her father, Xu Zhenhe, bought his first Japanese-made camera in 1998 at a photography equipment store in Beijing． “At that time, people could only buy imported photography equipment like this at particular stores and the cameras used film,” said the 57-year-old．

After just over two decades, film cameras are now seldom seen in the marketplace． “Now the camera functions on our smartphones are diverse enough to meet our needs,”  Xu Zhaolin said excitedly． She added that today we can find a much larger variety of imported goods online．

There have also been significant changes in China’s food supply and transaction (交易) methods． Xiao Yao, a 14-year-old student from Chengdu, Sichuan, felt quite moved when her grandmother shared this part of history．

When Xiao’s grandmother Huang Kunrong was a child, she used liangpiao, or food ration coupons, to get her food allowance． Each person had a fixed quantity of grain every month． “Sometimes people didn’t have enough rice to eat, so they could only eat stored coarse grain (粗粮) like sweet potatoes,” said Huang． That was the situation Huang faced once when she had to take care of her sick grandmother． “I managed to turn the rotten (腐烂的) sweet potatoes into porridge and served it to my grandma, but it still stank (有异味)． I felt utterly helpless and desperate,” Huang said．

Today, Chinese people no longer have to face hunger as past generations did, nor do they need to use coupons to get food． Instead, they use their phones． Through the use of a simple and convenient QR codes, people can buy anything they want without limits． “Even my grandmother who was born in the ‘coupon era’ thinks it is so convenient!” said Xiao．

1．What doweknowfrom the article?

A． The 50th anniversary of the People’s Republic of China

B． The 45th anniversary of the beginning of reform and opening-up in China

C． The 25th year since the establishment of the National Bureau of Statistics

D． The centenary celebration of the Communist Party of China

2．What did people use for purchasing food during Xiao’s grandmother’s youth?

A． Credit cards．    B． QR codes．     C． Food ration coupons．   D． Cash only．

3．Which of the following can be inferred about Xu Zhenhe’s experience with photography equipment?

A． He could easily purchase imported cameras in 1998．

B． He bought a Chinese-made camera from an international store．

C． Imported photography equipment was not common and had limited access points．

D． He never witnessed the transition from film cameras to digital cameras．

4．Based on Huang Kunrong’s experience, what can be inferred about life during her youth?

A． Food was abundantly available to everyone without restrictions．

B． Food had to be rationed and basic goods were sometimes scarce．

C． Sweet potatoes were the preferred choice of food．

D． QR codes were used for food transactions．

5．Which statement best describethe main idea of the article?

A． The article discusses China’s technological advancements in photography equipment over the years．

B． The article outlines the dramatic transformation of China’s economy and the impact on daily life since the

reform and opening-up．

C． The article is primarily focused on the historical use of food ration coupons in China．

D． The article is an exploration of modern Chinese purchasing habits, particularly regarding online shopping．

B阅读理解（原创）

A famous magazine called The Paris Review did something really special – they talked to a Chinese writer named Yu Hua． It was the first time a Chinese author got to share their thoughts in a part of the magazine that focuses on writers．

Yu Hua was born in 1960 and writes books that make you think about big questions like why we’re here and what happens when we die． His stories are about people from China who go through a lot of changes．

One of Yu’s books is called “To Live,”《活着》 and tells about a guy named Xu Fugui who never gives up, even when things get really tough． Another story, “Chronicle of a Blood Merchant,”《许三观卖血记》is about Xu Sanguan, who has to sell his own blood to face problems in life． But then he gets really sad when nobody needs his blood．

Even though Yu’s stories might make you feel a bit sad, he’s a funny guy in real life． He even joked about wanting to be a writer so no alarm clock would wake him up! When Yu was a kid, he used to beat the heat by sleeping in a cool place where they kept people who had passed away． And sometimes, he’d pretend his tummy hurt so much, they thought he needed surgery!

His experiences turned into stories that really grab people’s attention—especially young readers． They like how Yu understands what’s popular and doesn’t sound like he’s teaching a lesson． He even talked about “lying flat,” a way to describe how people decide not to compete all the time． Some young fans say that they completely get what he means and think it’s cool．

This way of connecting with young people without being too serious is one reason why Yu Hua is liked so much． A student who likes his books said that Yu knows how to talk to young readers by being funny and relatable, even calling himself a ‘scruffy little dog’ like it’s a badge of honor．

1．What is special about The Paris Review’s interaction with Yu Hua?

A． Yu Hua has become their new editor．

B． It was the first time for a Chinese author in a specific section of the magazine．

C． Yu Hua was discussing his future book plans in the magazine．

D． The magazine featured Yu Hua as the most influential Chinese writer．

2． What do we know about Yu Hua and his works?

A． He is the most productive Chinese writer．

B． He has won the Nobel Prize in Literature．

C． His books offer insights （洞察）into human nature．

D． His novels are based on real-life stories．

2．What is “lying flat” in the context of the article?

A． A new trend in China’s young generation to avoid competition．

B． A concept in Yu Hua’s story to represent a passive character．

C． A writing style that Yu Hua adopted for his books．

D． Yu Hua’s belief in the importance of rest for productivity．

4．According to the article, why is Yu Hua popular among young readers?

A． His supernatural stories about afterlife experiences．

B． His strict teaching method in writing and literature．

C． His ability to engage with youthful audiences using humor and relevance．

D． His detailed autobiographies that inspire young readers．

5．Which statement best captures the main idea of the article?

A． Yu Hua’s humorous personality marks a contrast with his profound writing．

B． The Paris Review honors Yu Hua for his contribution to Chinese literature．

C． Yu Hua shares insights into his personal life and connection with young readers．

D． Yu Hua, a Chinese writer, is gaining international recognition for his work．

C阅读理解

The human brain is a powerful natural computer that has evolved over tens of thousands of years． But what would you get if you combined this biological computer with a real one?

Researchers at Indiana University Bloomington in the US have linked human brain-like tissues to an electronic chip (芯片), which can perform simple computer tasks． Their creation, named Brainoware, is part of a growing field called biological computing that might one day outperform (超过) current computers, according to Nature．u

The brain-like tissues the researchers used, also known as brain organoids (类器官), weren’t part of a living person’s brain． They were “grown” from human stem cells (干细胞), which are capable of producing different types of cells and forming body tissues． It took two months for the stem cells to mature into an organoid．

The researchers then placed one organoid onto an electronic chip with thousands of electrodes (电极)． Although organoids are much simpler and smaller than an actual brain, they act similarly to human brains, such as responding to electrical signals, which is what our brain does all the time． These responses lead to changes in the brain, which fuel our ability to learn．

To test Brainoware, the researchers used it for voice recognition by training it with 240 Japanese recordings spoken by eight speakers． They found that the organoid reacted differently toward each voice． With an accuracy of 78 percent, it successfully identified the speakers by showing different neural (神经的) activities．

What’s special about Brainoware is that researchers can take advantage of the organoid’s complexity without understanding its cell networks, according to Daily Mail．v In other words, scientists don’t need to know exactly how the organoid works in order to use it．

According to the researchers’ work published in December, combining organoids and electronic chips could increase the speed and efficiency of AI in the future． Also, such models can be used to study human brains, according to Nature． Using Brainoware to model and study neurological disorders (神经系统疾病), such as Alzheimer’s disease, is one example． It could also be used to test the effects of different treatments for such diseases． “That’s where the promise is: using these to one day hopefully replace animal models of the brain,” Arti Ahluwalia, a researcher in Italy, told Nature．

1． What can we learn about the tissues used by the researchers from the text?

A． They were artificially constructed．

B． They were harvested from dead human bodies．

C． They formed a complete human brain．

D． They were cultured from specific human cells．

2． What achievement did Brainoware accomplishin the voice recognition test?

A． Distinguishing the voices between speakers．

B． Understanding the content of the recordings．

C． Showing preferences for some of the voices．

D． Correctly matching all the speakers with their voices．

3． What makes Brainoware distinctive, according to Daily Mail?

A． No in-depth knowledge of organoids is needed to use it．

B． Its complexity is easy to learn and understand．

C． It opens up new possibilities for studyinghuman brains．

D． Its cell networks are exactly the same as those of human brains．

4． What does the last paragraph focus on regarding Brainoware?

A． Its influence on AI technology．B． Its contribution to animal welfare．

C． Its potential applications．D． Its underlying problems．

D阅读理解

Gorgosaurus (戈尔冈龙) is a cousin of T． rex (霸王龙)． It lived about 75 million years ago in ancient Alberta, Canada． Now, a fossil (化石) of a young Gorgosaurus is helping scientists understand the diet of this type of dinosaurs． It’s the first skeleton (骨骼) of this dinosaur type ever found with stomach contents (胃内容物) still inside, said The New York Times．

When being looked at in a museum in 2010, the fossil of the young Gorgosaurus was found to have toe bones (脚趾骨) that belonged to another type of dinosaur．ŒThey were the toes of two parrot-like dinosaurs called caenagnathids (近颌龙科)． The young Gorgosaurus had eaten their legs which were rich in protein (蛋白质)．

“This fossil provides the first direct evidence (证据) that young Gorgosaurus was still feeding on smaller animals compared to the adult Gorgosaurus,” said scientist Darla Zelenitsky at the University of Calgary, Canada． She shared her findings in a new study．

Gorgosaurus may not have been actively (积极地) feeding its young, and the young had to take care of themselves, Thomas Cullen from Auburn University, in the US, told National Geographic． The young Gorgosaurus was about 13 percent of an adult Gorgosaurus in size． Both the hunter and its prey (猎物) were less than one year old． Little dinosaurs were easy prey for young Gorgosaurus and T． rex to practice their hunting skills． When Gorgosaurus and T． rex grew up, they would eat larger dinosaurs for food．

In places in Asia and other continents (大陆) where large T． rex lived, medium-sized dinosaurs could also be found． However, in North America, where Gorgosaurus and T． rex lived, medium-sized dinosaurs were generally absent． The reason behind this is that the medium-sized dinosaurs were on the plate of Gorgosaurus and T． rex in North America． “How Gorgosaurus and T． rex grew up in North America seems unique,” wrote National Geographic．

1． From the fossil, we can learn that the Gorgosaurus _____．

A． died youngB． was a femaleC． is a newly found speciesD． was a small-sized dinosaur

2． What did scientists find from the stomach contents?

A． Caenagnathids were the main food of Gorgosaurus．

B． A young Gorgosaurus could only hunt  small animals．

C． Caenagnathids died from a lack of food．

D． Caenagnathids only ate smaller animals．

3． The word “prey” in Paragraph 4 refers to _____．

A． the caenagnathidsB． the GorgosaurusC． the T． rexD． the fossil

4． What do we know from Thomas Cullen?

A． Gorgosaurus’ diet is hard to know．

B． Gorgosaurus lived alone since childhood．

C． Gorgosaurus started to learn hunting skills from childhood．

D． Gorgosaurus could not fight large animals．

5． What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A． T． rex was the last living dinosaur species of that period．

B． T． rex was picky about its living environment．

C． T． rex was only found in Asia and North America．

D． T． rex ate medium-sized dinosaurs all over North America．

E阅读理解（原创）

It’s nice for someone to return the money he or she found to the owner． It’s also what people need to do by law．

Recently, a university student left her smartphone in a restaurant． A man later picked it up． When the phone owner found the man, he asked for 2,000 yuan from the owner． He even said that he would delete all the information on the phone if the owner wouldn’t give him the money． The owner couldn’t provide the money, and she didn’t have to． The police suggested that the owner should file a lawsuit (起诉) against the man．

According to the Civil Code (《民法典》), when you find something by accident, you must not keep it as your own．You can either tell the owner to come and get it if you can reach him or her． Or you can hand it over to the police．

In one situation the finder can get money from the owner． By law, the owner should give back any money the finder had to spend for safekeeping． The owner should also cover the traveling expenses of the finder when he or she returns the lost thing． Other than this, the finder shouldn’t ask for more money, such as a reward for giving it back． If the finder keeps the lost things on purpose, he or she may face up to two years in prison if the lost things are very valuable ．

1． What should the student do to get her phone back?

A． Give the man 2,000 yuan．

B． Buy the man another phone．

C． Get help from the law．

D． Ask for help from the restaurant owner．

2． What should finders do if they cannot reach owners?

A． Put the things back where they were found．

B． Wait for the owners to look for them．

C． Hand over the lost things to the police．

D． Keep the lost things as their own．

3． When can a finder ask the owner for money?

A． The lost thing is very expensive．

B． The finder gives the owner back their things．

C． The finder spends money to help．

D． The owner loses the thing on purpose．

4． In which section of a magazine can you read the text?

A． Laws and society．             B． Human nature．

C． University courses．            D． Accident and safety．

F阅读理解

Thousands of years ago, text (文本) appeared on animal bones and bamboo before they were written on paper． Now ancient Chinese texts have a “new container (容器)” in the modern age．

Recently, a research team from Nanjing Agricultural University together with Gulian, a leading ancient Chinese text publisher, introduced a large language model called Xunzi．

“Traditional Chinese characters and the absence (缺失) of punctuation marks (标点符号) are always making reading traditional texts hard,” said Wang Dongbo, who led the research, explaining why they made the large language model．

To create this model, Wang and his partners did a lot of research on Chinese classics like Siku Quanshu (《四库全书》)or the Complete Library in Four Sections． “We had to work on two billion (十亿) Chinese characters and our work gave us a good start,” said Wang．

However, it is no easy job． Wang said they need to learn these classics first and then mark the characters into different categories (分类), like adjectives (形容词) and nouns (名词), which are put into the model．

But their effort seems to be paying off． Now, the model can help users understand and analyze (分析) ancient Chinese texts． For example, when users type “shangu” into the chat box, they may not only get the information that “shangu” means “valley” but also learn that it could be a person’s courtesy name (字) in ancient Chinese texts．

“The model can help us learn more information hidden in our cultural legacy (文化遗产) and find unnoticed (未被注意到的) connections,” said Wang．

1． Wang Dongbo and his team made the large language model to _____．

A． figure out the ancient punctuation marks

B． collect all traditional Chinese characters

C． make reading traditional texts easier

D． do research on Chinese classics

2． Creating this large language model is _____．

A． difficultB． meaningless         C． simple        D． quick

3． The example in Paragraph 6 shows _____．

A． what the model can do                    B． why the model was created

C． what people think about the model          D． what disadvantages the model has

4． According to Wang, the new model can help us _____．

A． spread Chinese traditional culture

B． learn ancient people’s lives in the right way

C． learn the ideas of Xunzi better

D． better understand our own culture

G阅读（原创）

In China, there’s a lot of excitement about businesses going to space! Some new companies are working hard on rockets that can go to space more than just once． Their goal is to be as good as the top companies in the world that do the same thing．

On December 10, one rocket called SQX 2Y did its second test flight and did really well． This rocket comes from a company in Beijing called iSpace． What’s cool about this rocket is that it uses a certain kind of gas that is both cheap and easy to get． Ji Haibo, the guy who is the main rocket creator, said this flight shows their rocket can fly multiple times． He also said his team is getting really good at some important spaceship building skills．

Then, there’s another rocket named Zhuque 2． It had a big moment going to space on December 9 from a place called Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center． It was the third time Zhuque 2 successfully flew! And just a few days before, on December 5, this same place saw the launch of another rocket named CERES 1, which placed two new satellites in the exact paths they’re supposed to follow． It was the 11th time for the CERES 1 series．

All these rocket flights are proof of how fast China’s space business is growing． The government’s help has made a big difference too．

Back in 2014, China decided to let private companies get involved in space work． This decision created lots of new space companies． Now, China’s space business is huge, worth more than lots of money (over 1 trillion yuan), and there are more than 400 companies in it．

And there are even more big plans for the future． The company that built Zhuque 2 has shared plans for a new rocket called Zhuque 3． Planned for 2025, Zhuque 3 will use the same cheap gas for fuel, be made out of strong metal, and you can use it at least 20 times!

Liu Lei, who is in charge of building rocket engines at LandSpace, says that because they keep researching and getting better, space companies have figured out good ways to do things across all parts of their business． He thinks this will help the whole space business do really well and become something that lots of people are interested in．

1．What is the name of the rocket that did its second test flight on December 10?

A．SQX 2YB． Zhuque 2C． CERES 1D． Zhuque 3

2．What is unique about the gas used for the SQX 2Y and planned Zhuque 3 rockets?

A． It is very expensive．B． It is difficult to find．

C． It is cheap and easily available．D． It allows rockets to travel faster．

3．According to Liu Lei, what will help the whole space business do really well?

A．Research and improvement by space companies

B． Strong metal used in rocket construction

C． The government’s help

D． The use of cheap gas as fuel

4．What can be inferred about the future of China’s space industry?

A． It is expected to decline due to a lack of government support．

B． It will probably face many technical issues and setbacks．

C． It has ambitious plans and is likely to continue growing．

D． It will shift focus to only satellite launches and avoid manned flights．

5．What is the main topic of the article?

A． The involvement of private companies in space work

B． The successful test flights of Chinese rockets

C． Plans for future space missions in China

D． China’s fast-growing space business

语法填空（原创）

塞下曲

(王昌龄)

饮马渡秋水，水寒风似刀。

平沙日未没，黯黯见临洮。

昔日长城战，咸言意气高。

黄尘足今古，白骨乱蓬蒿。

Song of the Frontier (II)

(Wang Changling)

We water horses and cross autumn streams,

Like a sword on water blows the wind cold．

On sandy plain the sun sheds parting beams,

In the gloom looms the city wall of old．

By the Great Wall we fought wars in the land;

Our warriors’ fighting spirit was at its height．

History is buried in the yellow sand;

Among the weeds are scattered the bones white．

(Translated by Xu Yuanchong)

Wang Changling was a well-known poet from the Tang Dynasty in ancient China, which was a time when art and literature flourished． He 1．___________(live) from 698 to 756 AD and wrote many poems about the2．_______(life) of soldiers and the struggles of war．

In his poem “Song of the Frontier (II),” Wang Changling talks about soldiers during autumn, when they water their horses and feel the cold wind． The wind 3．__________(describe) as sharp as a knife, which shows how hard the conditions are for the soldiers． He also talks about the fading sun and the old city walls, which creates a kind of sad and fading atmosphere．

The poem reflects on past battles and the bravery of the soldiers 4．__________were once full of fighting spirit． But now, all that’s left is the dust of history and the bones of the fallen soldiers scattered among the weeds． The whiteness of the bones shows that they have been there 5．__________ a long time, forgotten by history．

He uses imagery, which means he creates pictures in 6_____________(we) minds with his words． He shows us the cold wind, the old walls, and the bones in the sand． All of this helps us feel the sad mood of the poem．

The poem’s main idea is about 7____________( remember) the past． Wang Changling seems to be sad that the soldiers who were once full of 8___________(energetic) and fought hard are now forgotten, their bones lying with the land． He wants us 9___________(remember) these soldiers and think about how 10___________(brave) they fought． It’s a way of showing respect for them and thinking about history．

…………

参考答案

A 阅读理解（原创）

【答案】BCCAB

【解析】本文阐述自改革开放以来中国经济的巨大转型以及这种转型对人们日常生活的影响。

1．B文章第一句提到“今年标志着改革开放开始的第45周年”，这说明本文提及的是改革开放45周年的纪念时刻。其他选项没有在文章中提到。

2． C根据第六段，Xiao的祖母年轻时用粮票（liangpiao，或称食品配给券）来获取食物配额。

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