突破01 名词-2024年中考英语一轮复习语法知识专项突破及练习（通用版）

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2024年中考英语一轮复习语法知识专项突破

突破01 名词

【知识突破】

1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类

专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。

如：Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)  

专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall(长城)

姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。

普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：pupil, family, man, foot.

普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。

▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如： box, child, orange；

▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water, news, oil, population, information .

2、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。

（1）名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：

①在单数名词词尾加s。如：map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.

②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.

[注]：少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos.

③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如：family→families, city→cities, party→parties.

④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.

（2）不规则变化：man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese

不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk． 

3、名词所有格

• 名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：

(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如：Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)

(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教师节)

(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s．如：

today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),

China’s population(中国的人口).

(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：

a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).

2、注意

① ’s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)

② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)

③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)

4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：

（1）谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)

（2）集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,

如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)

如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三

班有张中国地图)

（3）Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)

（4）maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting．(这个消息令人兴奋)

（5）glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：

The trousers  are  very  cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)

（6）a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of students  are playing  baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球)  A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)

（7）and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips  is  very famous food．(鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)

（8） there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)

（9）用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I  are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)

（10）主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road．(一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)

（11）either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor  I  am  going  there.(你和我都不打算去那里)

（12）表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)

（13）主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)

但是,population一词又有特殊情况： What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)

5、部分名词用法辨析：

(1)sport、game、match、race

sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大；game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动；match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛；race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)

（2）festival、holiday、vacation

festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期；vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情？)

（3）journey、tour、trip、travel

journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等；trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等；travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗？) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)

（4）sound、noise、voice

sound指各种声音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)

（5）fish的用法

指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同；fishes 指许多种类的鱼；fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool．(池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)

【能力过关】

1．—How many________ would you like? — Five.

A．banana                   B．bread                     C．tomatoes                 D．juice

2．—What is in the box?  —It is Lucy’s ________.

A．white new skirt       B．new red shoes         C．new yellow coat      D．blue new hat

3．The boy is ____________, and he is always in good ____________.

A．healthy; healthy      B．health; health          C．healthy; health        D．health; healthy

4．—Is __________ mother an English teacher?

—Yes, she is.

A．Tom’s and Kate       B．Tom’s and Kate’s     C．Tom and Kate’s       D．Tom and Kate

5．Tom is in good health, because he often exercises and eats a lot of healthy  .

A．food                      B．water                     C．pear                       D．carrot

6．________ is a nice girl.

A．Bob                       B．Alice                     C．Eric                       D．Tony

7．—Kangkang, tell us something about 　　　　 in your hometown．

—Usually on this day, people eat zongzi in memory of Qu Yuan.

A．the Spring Festival                                     B．the Lantern Festival

C．the Dragon Boat Festival                            D．the Mid-Autumn Festival

8．He has ________ and ________.

A．a short hair; a big eye                                 B．short hairs; big eyes

C．short hair; big eyes                                     D．big eye; short hairs

9．The ________ is China’s national treasure．It’s a kind of cute animal that likes eating bamboo.

A．panda                                B．tiger                                  C．elephant

10．—What are these in English?

—They are ________.

A．an orange               B．orange                   C．oranges                  D．a oranges

11．—Is the schoolbag under the desk yours?

—No, it’s my ________．His name is on it.

A．brother                   B．brother’s                C．brothers’                D．brothers

12．— Mom, I am hungry．May I have some ________.

— Of course．But don’t eat too much.

A．bread                     B．noodle                   C．dumpling                D．hamburger

13．There are many kinds of ________ in the river．You can go _________ there.

A．fishes; fishing         B．fishes; fish              C．fishs; fishing           D．fish; to fish

14．— I need ________ to write ________ now.

— Here you are.

A．two papers; in         B．two pieces of paper; on                               C．two paper; on    D．two pieces of paper; in

15．________ useful information it is and ________ happily we are playing!

A．What a; how a        B．What; how             C．What an; how an     D．What a; how

16．—What’s in the fridge, Tom?

—Many ________, but little ________.

A．watermelon; juice                                      B．pancakes; yogurt

C．milk; bananas                                            D．oranges; vegetables

17．—What kind of noodles would you like?   —I’d like some ________ noodles.

A．carrots                   B．beef                       C．potatoes                  D．vegetables

18．—How many ______ are there in a year?

—______.

A．month；Six                                              B．months；Twelve

C．months；Four                                           D．months；The twelfth

19．If I leave my house at 9 o’clock and drive to the airport, I’ll arrive at about 11．So it’s about two _________drive from my house to the airport.

A．hours’                               B．hour’s                               C．hours

20．I’m not hungry at all because I just ate much ________.

A．apples                                B．bananas                             C．bread

21．There are two ________ and three ________ in my bag.

A．radios; tomatoes      B．radios; tomatos       C．radioes; tomatos      D．radioes; tomatoes

22．—How many ________ would you like?

—Two, please.

A．tins of Coke            B．tin of Coke             C．tins of Cokes           D．tin of Cokes

23．I’d like ________ banana juice, please.

A．a                           B．an                          C．two glass of            D．a glass of

24．There are three ______ in the company（公司）．They are all ______.

A．worker; German                 B．workers; Germen                C．workers; Germans

25．There are three ________ and two ________ on the soccer team.

A．Chineses; German                                      B．Chinese; Germans

C．Chineses; Germans                                     D．Chinese; German

26．It’s said that a new ________ will be open near our school, offering some Ou culture exhibitions.

A．farm                      B．museum                 C．restaurant               D．factory

27．Paper is an important _______．It appeared in China around 2,000 years ago.

A．system                   B．culture                   C．language                 D．invention

28．It’s time for me _______ goodbye to my mother school．I will never forget all my _______ love.

A．to say; teachers’      B．saying; teachers’     C．to say; teacher’s      D．saying; teacher’s

29．How much ________ do we need to make a banana milk shake?

A．bananas                  B．apples                    C．coffee                    D．milk

30．—What kind of dumplings would you like, Linda?

—I’d like ________ and ________ dumplings.

A．chicken; cabbage                B．chicken; cabbages               C．chickens; tomatoes

31．We have seven _________ every day, four in the morning and three in the afternoon.

A．subject                   B．lesson                    C．class                       D．classes

32．—Hi, Tom, you must write 　　　　article before going home．

—I will, Mr．Smith.

A．an 200-word           B．a 200-words           C．an 800-word           D．an 800-words

33．The computer on the desk is _______．The brothers share it.

A．Bob’s and Tom                   B．Bob’s and Tom’s                 C．Bob and Tom’s

34．Bill is ill and the doctor says his illness is the ________ of eating unhealthy food.

A．result                     B．reason                    C．habit                      D．hobby

35．Lily is a friend of ________.

A．Mary’s mother’s                                        B．Mary’s mother’s of

C．Mary mother’s                                           D．mother’s of Mary

36．The woman wearing a pair of glasses is ________.

A．Lily and Lucy’s mother                              B．Lily’s and Lucy’s mother

C．Lily’s and Lucy’s mothers                           D．Lily and Lucy’s mothers

37．—________ your cousin like milk?

—Yes, he likes ________ very much.

A．Does; it                  B．Do; it                     C．Does; them             D．Is; them

38．Annie took a lot of___________ with her mobile phone when she visited the Great Wall last summer holiday.

A．photo                                B．photoes                              C．photos

39．I’m so hungry．Please give me ________ to eat.

A．three breads            B．three pieces of breads                                 C．three pieces of bread D．three piece of bread

40．—Would you like some ________?

—No, thanks.

A．dumpling               B．tomato                   C．apple                      D．meat

41．People with good ______ are worth ______.

A．manner; learn from

B．manners; learn from

C．manner; learning from

D．manners; learning from

42．This is my ________ friend．_________ name is Lucy .

A．sister is, She                       B．sister’s, Her                       C．sister’s, She’s

43．Look! There are five ___________  of five different ___________ on the wall.

A．photoes; librarys                 B．photos; libraries                  C．photoes; libraries

44．—What are those in English?

—They’re _________.

A．bus                                    B．boxs                                  C．buses

45．The ________ rang and Pat answered it．It was his son calling from New York.

A．telephone               B．doorbell                 C．clock                      D．bike

46．Give me three bottles of _______, please.

A．orange juices                      B．orange juice                       C．oranges

47．He 　　　　a candle because there was no enough 　　　　.

A．lighted; lights                                            B．lit; light

C．lit; lights                                                   D．lights; light

48．Now, I live (居住) in ________ and I have many (许多) ________ friends.

A．China; China          B．China; Chinese        C．Chinese; Chinese     D．Chinese; China

49．It’s _________ bedroom．You can see their photos on the wall.

A．Peter’s and Tom’s    B．Peter and Tom’s      C．Peter and Tom         D．Peter’s and Tom

50．Do you brush your ______ after ______ up?

A．tooth；get              B．tooth；getting        C．teeth；get               D．teeth；getting

51．— Wang Qian, 　　　　 that pair of glasses yours(你的)?

— No．My glasses 　　　　 on the desk.

A．is; is                      B．are; are                  C．is; are                     D．are; is

52．I had a terrible ________ last night．I have to see a dentist today.

A．stomachache           B．headache                C．sore back                D．toothache

53．There are two __________ in our school.

A．woman doctors                   B．women doctor                    C．women doctors

54．—What would you like to drink?

—I’d like three ______.

A．bottles of waters      B．bottle of waters       C．bottle of water        D．bottles of water

55．This bedroom is ________, and ________ is next to theirs.

A．Lily’s and Lucy’s; ours    B．Lily and Lucy’s; ours    C．theirs; them    D．theirs; our

56．Many wild animals ________ their lives because of the ________ of living areas.

A．loss; lose                B．lose; lose                C．loss; loss                 D．lose; loss

57．—What would you like to eat?

—I’d like some ________ and ________.

A．bread; milks           B．breads; milks          C．breads; milk            D．bread; milk

58．—I’m told your class has three new classmates.

—Yes．One is a ________, the other two are ________.

A．Japan; Germany                                        B．Japanese; German

C．Japanese; Germans                                     D．Japanese; Germen

59．The two brothers often put the same present in ________ stocking on Christmas Day.

A．each other’s            B．each other              C．each others             D．each others’

60．—What about some ________?

—Good idea!

A．orange juice            B．orange juices          C．oranges juice           D．oranges juices

61．—Are those ________?

—No, they aren’t．They’ re ________.

A．sheep; cows            B．sheep; cow             C．sheeps; cows           D．sheeps; cow

62．The boy wants to make lots of useful ________ and become a great ________ like Thomas Edison.

A．invention; inventor                                    B．inventors; invention

C．inventions; inventor                                   D．invention; inventor

63．It’s only _______ walk from here.

A． ten-minute            B． ten minute            C．ten minutes             D． ten minute’s

64．Don’t be afraid to ask for some ________ about ordering the meal.

A．suggestion              B．method                  C．opinion                  D．advice

65．—How is your son getting along with his math?

一He ________ since you talked to him last month.

A．made some progress

B．has made some progresses

C．made great progress

D．has made great progress

66．Upstairs are        bedrooms．They are tidy and nice．But        are in a mess.

A．Lily’s and Lucy’s; our                                B．Lily’s and Lucy’s; ours

C．Lily’s and Lucy; ours                                  D．Lily and Lucy’s; our

67．He likes        and he is a good       .

A．swims; swimming                                      B．swimming; swimmer

C．swimmer; swimming                                  D．swim; swimmer

68．Hard work brings us ________, but if we are lazy, we won’t be ________.

A．success; success                                         B．successful; success

C．success; successful                                      D．successful; successful

69．There are four ________ and two ________ in the group.

A．Japanese; Germen   B．Japaneses; Germen  C．Japanese; Germans  D．Japaneses; Germans

70．Do you know the ________ between them?

A．difference               B．different                 C．difficult                  D．difficulty

71．I saw some ________ and ________ dancing in the street the day before yesterday.

A．German; Englishmen                                 B．Germans; Englishmans

C．Germans; Englishmen                                D．German; Englishmans

72．Our teacher often gives us some ________ about ________ English.

A．advices; learn          B．advices; learning     C．advice; learn           D．advice; learning

73．We should know the changes        the numbers.

A．at                          B．of                          C．in                          D．on

74．I am hungry．But there is little          left．I have to go and buy some.

A．sandwiches             B．potatoes                 C．water                     D．bread

75．Which of the following is true?

A．Then I travelled a long way and ran into Huangpu River.

B．When you’ve finished me, I’ll go to a sewage plant.

C．It is hard for me to find a work in that works.

D．What do you mean by saying “liquid gold”?

76．Lisa would like ________ and ________ noodles.

A．beef; carrots                                              B．beef; carrot

C．chickens; carrots                                        D．chicken; carrots

77．—Uncle Li has a farm．There are different kinds of ________ on it.

—Yes, they are very cute.

A．goose                     B．hen                        C．geese                      D．sheeps

78．If you want to be in good ________, you should eat ________ food.

A．healthy; healthy      B．health; health          C．healthy; health        D．health; healthy

79．He has some ________ and I have some ________.

A．egg; salad               B．tomatoes; pear        C．ice-cream; apple      D．strawberries; milk

80．________ birthday is June 5.

A．Jim                        B．Mr Jim                  C．My brother’s jim’s   D．My brother Jim’s

81．She is our new math teacher．Her name is Anna Smith．We all call her ________.

A．Miss Smith             B．Mr．Smith             C．Miss Anna              D．Mr．Anna

82．These __________ have saved many children’s lives.

A．woman doctors       B．women doctor         C．women doctors        D．woman doctor

83．My mother buys ________ in the shop.

A．two kilo of meats    B．two kilos meat        C．two kilos of meat    D．two kilo meat

84．To keep fit, you should take more ________ , such as doing morning ________ and running.

A．exercise; exercise    B．exercises; exercises  C．exercise; exercises   D．exercises; exercise

85．Though he is a ________ man,he often plays basketball with young people.

A．sixty years old                                           B．sixty-years-old

C．sixty-year old                                            D．sixty-year-old

86．—The water in the river is ________.

—Yes, water ________ is getting more and more serious.

A．polluted; polluted    B．pollution; pollution C．pollution; polluted   D．polluted; pollution

87．—Doing _______ is good for your health．How about doing morning _______ every day?

—Sure．I will _______ more from now on.

A．exercise; exercises; exercise                        B．exercises; exercises; exercise

C．exercise; exercise; exercise                          D．exercise; exercises; exercises

88．—What would you like to eat, honey?

—__________.

A．Chicken with vegetables and two bowls of rices

B．Chicken with vegetables and two bowls of rice

C．Chickens with vegetables and two bowls of rice

D．Chickens with vegetable and two bowls of rices

89．Would you please give me some ________ on how to learn English well?

A．advice                    B．suggestion              C．advices                   D．suggest

90．Most of the teachers in our school are ________.

A．teachers                             B．woman teacher                   C．women teachers

91．—What are those?

—________

A．Those are apple trees.                                 B．Those are apples trees.

C．They are apple trees.                                  D．They are apples trees.

92．Now ________ is very serious．Some rivers and lakes are ________.

A．pollute, polluted      B．pollution, polluted   C．polluted, pollution   D．pollution, pollute

93．The ________ ordered him to pay a $100 fine.

A．judging                  B．judgment                C．judge                     D．judgement

94．My family __________ for dinner now．We’re busy.

A．is preparing                        B．are preparing                      C．prepares

95．—Is that your father?

—No, he’s ________.

A．Lily and Lucy                                            B．Lily and Lucy’s

C．Lily’s and Lucy’s                                       D．Lily’s and Lucy

96．We follow ________ that car has left in the grass.

A．mark                      B．marking                 C．the marks               D．to mark

97．Which of the following is CORRECT?

A．Everyone has it’s own way of memorizing new vocabulary.

B．Why not you go hiking in the countryside this weekend?

C．It’s a traditional to eat turkey in America on Thanksgiving Day.

D．I expect the highest temperature not to reach 40 degrees Celsius today.

98．The woman in a hat is                    aunt.

A．Jack and John         B．Jack’s and John       C．Jack’s and John’s     D．Jack and John’s

99．I feel ________ necessary to accept his advice because it’s of great ________ to me.

A．it’s; important         B．that; importance      C．this; important        D．it; importance

100．—Have you heard of Lin Zexu and Zhan Tianyou?

—Of course.They are our national                  .

A．hero            B．heros            C．heroes            D．hero’s

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参考答案

1．C

【解析】句意：——你想要多少西红柿？——5个。

考查名词辨析及名词的复数。banana香蕉，单数；bread面包，不可数名词；tomatoes西红柿，复数形式；juice橘子汁，不可数名词。how many后跟可数名词复数形式，故选C。

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