2023年中考英语分项汇编阅读理解之说明文阅读（含答案解析）

本资料来自专辑：2023年江苏中考一模英语分项汇编

2023年中考一模英语分项汇编阅读理解

说明文阅读

01

Back in Brisbane, Australia, for the Christmas break, I found myself in a public transport dead zone. Bikeless, 7 kilometers from where I was meeting friends and unwilling to get a taxi, I decided to borrow an electric scooter. The trip took far longer than it would have by bike, mainly because of a major spill halfway there. A rock, hit at speed, is a terrible thing: weeks later, I still had the red knees of a primary schooler.

In the UK, they are legal (合法的) only on private land, but the Department for Transport is discussing how to control them on public roads and pathways, with the possibility for legalization later this year. Other cities that have e-scooter rental programs have had problems in the early period. In Paris, Mayor Anne Hidalgo described the situation last year as messy. She has announced that the city is reducing its number of e-scooters to 15,000 and plans to create laws forbidding them from pavements (人行道). France has put into force laws limiting e-scooter speeds to 25 kilometres per hour.

Similar to dockless (无桩的) hire bicycles, e-scooters are parked on pavements and people leave them up trees or throw them into rivers. Wild treatment shortens their lifetime, which is bad for both profitability (盈利) and the environment. Analysis suggests that the average e-scooter’s lifetime is just three months.

I think e-scooters are an basic part of the effort to make city transport greener. They are seen as a key to the “last mile” problem—a potential way to reduce transport jam by rapidly getting someone to their final goal. Cars can take up 28 times the space of a person riding a bicycle. As far as the environmental effect goes, recent research suggests that e-scooters are not as green as walking or cycling, but they are still better than cars. And though there are still many reports of serious accidents, scooting is about as safe as cycling. Stephen Gossling at Lund University in Sweden has suggested we build car-free “micromobility” streets, where cyclists, pedestrians (行人) and e-scooters could share the road. He thinks this will reduce accident risks and invite more vulnerable (易受伤害的) traffic participants, such as children, to become active transport users. If more e-scooters mean fewer cars on roads, an improvement in local air quality is also a likely result. When 20 kilometers of roads in central London closed for World Car-Free Day last September, the air quality was greatly improved according to the report.

1．What does the underlined part “a major spill” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?

A．A serious fall.         B．A sudden illness.     C．A legal reaction.      D．A terrible breakdown.

2．What do we know about e-scooters in Paris?

A．They are illegal on pavements.                            B．They are already out of fashion.

C．They are facing more limits.                                D．They are more common on private land.

3．What is the writer’s opinion of e-scooters?

A．They are not as safe as cycling.                           B．They always cause the traffic jams.

C．They are as green as cycling or walking.          D．They play a big role in the “last mile” problem.

4．What is Stephen Gossling’s suggestion?

A．To set up more care-free days.                           B．To invite more cyclists to use e-scooters.

C．To get vulnerable pedestrians off the road.    D．To separate cars from e-scooters on the road.

02

With the rapid development of wireless technologies, the Fifth Generation (5G) mobile communication system started to come. Although the development of 5G network technology in the international community is still in the research stage, a number of foreign countries and organizations are working on it. China started late in network technologies. In order to catch with the times, China also needs to have its own place in such a competitive environment.

There are some quick changes in China’s telecom space. With the 4G network now widely used, China is now preparing to enter 5G age. China has started research and development on the 5G network and plans to finish the network testing by around 2019.

It’s expected that just one standard will be used globally (全球的) with the 5G technology “Under the identical standard, different companies can be connected, and form a competitive environment. Therefore, we can make sure that companies can gain reasonable profits (利润), and at the same time provide faster, better, more convenient and cheaper services to people.” Wu Ku, Director of Dept. of Science &Tech., MIIT said.

Wu Hequan from Chinese Academy of Engineering said, “5G will make it possible to connect one million devices to the so-called Internet of Things within one square meter. In the future, it will also be used on high-speed trains moving as fast as 500 kilometers per hour. In the area of the Internet of Vehicles (汽车), it can be used in unmanned vehicles, assisted driving and the management of smart cities.” Wu Hequan believes China’s future Internet will be faster, more intelligent and safer.

Chinese government pays more attention to the development of 5G and in more open to it. With the shared effort of the industry, China will play an increasing important role in the global 5G development.

5．The first paragraph mainly wants to tell us ________.

A．what 5G network technology means

B．the reason why we need 5G network technology

C．the fact that China started late in 5G network technology

D．the fact that 5G network technology is good

6．The underlined world “identical” in Paragraph 3 means ________.

A．same                      B．fast                        C．practical                 D．modern

7．In Wu Ku’s opinion, ________ should be used globally with the 5G technology.

A．the network testing                                    B．cheaper services

C．just one standard                                        D．unmanned vehicles

8．Wu Hequan thinks 5G network technology is full of ________.

A．competitions           B．possibilities            C．profits                    D．difficulties

9．After reading the passage, we can infer that ________.

A．China will use 5G network technology in transport

B．China has already entered the 5G age completely

C．Chinese government didn’t pay attention to the development of 5G before

D．China is No.1 in 5G network technology

03

As people all over the world struggled with higher levels of stress, depression and anxiety this past year, many turned to their favorite comfort foods: ice cream, pizza, hamburgers. But studies in recent years suggest that the high-sugar and high-fat foods when we are stressed or depressed, as comforting as they may seem, are the least likely to be good for our mental (精神上的) health. Instead, whole foods such as vegetables, fruit, fish, eggs, nuts may be a better bet.

Historically, nutrition research has paid much attention to how the foods we eat influence our physical (身体上的) health, rather than our mental health, though. Over the years, large population studies have found that people who are asked to follow a Mediterranean diet for three months had greater reductions in symptoms of depression after three months compared to a control group. Public health professors around the world have started encouraging people to take and use lifestyle behaviors like exercise, sound sleep, a heart-healthy diet and avoiding smoking that may reduce inflammation (发炎) and have advantages for the brain. Individual clinicians (临床医师) are already including nutrition into their work with patients. Dr. Drew Ramsey, a clinical professor at the Columbia University, begins his meetings with new patients by exploring their diet. He asks what they eat, learns their favorite foods, and finds out if foods that he considers important for the connection are missing from their diets, such as plants, seafood.

Dr. Ramsey said he didn’t want people to think that the only factor involved in brain health is food. “Lots of people get their food exactly right, live very active lives, and still have many troubles with their mental health,” he said. But he also teaches people that food can be empowering. “We can’t control our genes,” he said. “But we can control how we eat, and that gives people actionable things that they can do to take care of their brain health on a daily basis.”

10．What do previous (以前的) nutrition studies mainly pay attention to?

A．How our diets influence our mental health.      B．How our diets influence our physical health.

C．How our mental health influences our diets.    D．How our physical health influences our diets.

11．Why are individual clinicians including nutrition into their work with patients?

A．They try to satisfy their patients’ needs.

B．They are questioning public health professors.

C．They want to prove the value of healthy diets.

D．They have accepted the findings of large population studies.

12．Which of the following might Dr. Ramsey agree with?

A．Some connection lives between our diets and mental health.

B．People can control their genes as well as how they eat.

C．People living active lives will not have mental problems.

D．Eating a healthy diet is going to cure depression.

04

Schoolchildren spend most of their time surrounded by their peers (同龄人). They spend a lot more time with classmates, teammates and fellow club members than with adults in their lives. Peer pressure can have a huge influence on the lives of children in grades two through twelve.

From birth through age six, the family shapes a child’s sense of identity (个性). Parents and brothers and sisters affect a child’s likes, dislikes, tastes in clothing, food and music and, perhaps most importantly, values. Once children enter school, they form connections to the larger group of their peers. This group brings new ideas and experiences. Peer pressure happens when a student’s actions are influenced by this group. The “pressure” happens when peers suggest or demand actions different from the child’s normal behavior and values.

Peer pressure leads to some disturbing negative behavior in schoolchildren. In the USA, about 75% of high school students have tried alcohol (酒) offered by their friends in middle or high school. According to a survey, students felt pressured by their peers between 35 and 49% of the time. The power of peer pressure can result from a schoolchild’s growing desire (渴望) to fit into a group.

Thankfully, peer pressure can also be positive. For example, wanting to join an athletic group of friends may force a student who has been sitting for a long time to try out for the soccer team. In a survey on peer pressure, 51% of teenagers felt that peer pressure was sometimes positive. One teenager responded, “Sometimes it can help you gain confidence.” Other examples of positive peer pressure include students encouraging a classmate to run for school president, or friends suggesting that a talented peer try out for a talent show.

13．What leads to schoolchildren’s peer pressure?

A．The identity shaped by their family.                         B．The connections with their classmates.

C．The childhood experiences with their friends.       D．The differences in their behavior and values.

14．Why do some schoolchildren behave negatively under peer pressure?

A．To kill their boring time.                            B．To fit into a peer group.

C．To help gain confidence.                             D．To improve social skills.

15．What does the author think of peer pressure?

A．Peer pressure does more harm than good.

B．Peer pressure is very good for schoolchildren’s growth.

C．Peer pressure is not necessarily bad for school children.

D．Peer pressure plays an important role in shaping a child’s values.

05

Chinese painting is one of the oldest art forms in the world. Painting in the traditional style is known today in Chinese as Guohua.

Traditional Chinese painting is done with a brush dipped（浸）in black or coloured ink. Paper and silk are also needed for painting. The finished work can be put on scrolls（轴）. Traditional Chinese painting includes landscape（山水）painting, figures（人物）, bird and flowers. Landscape painting is regarded as the highest form of Chinese painting.

Chinese folk music is an important part of Chinese culture. It has a long history. One of the Confucianist Classics（儒家经典）, Shi Jing, contains many folk songs. They are much loved by people up to now.

Traditional Chinese musical instruments are symbols of Chinese culture, such as the guqin, guzheng, pipa, erhu, xiao and chime（编钟）. The sheng and suona are also popular in northern villages in China. XI’an drum music is large traditional drum music. It is a valuable part of Chinese ancient music, and is regarded as the “living fossil（化石）of Chinese ancient music” in the world.

16．People usually use ________ for doing traditional Chinese painting.

①brushes ②ink ③colour pencils ④paper ⑤silk

A．①②③④               B．②③④⑤               C．①②③⑤               D．①②④⑤

17．The underlined word “contains” means “________”.

A．likes                      B．controls                  C．prevents                 D．includes

18．The passage is about ________.

A．Chinese music         B．Chinese painting     C．Chinese culture       D．Chinese history

06

There is a Chinese saying which means something like this: Your mother always asks you to wear warm clothes even when it’s not cold. This jokingly reflects the over-concern of your mother. Anyhow, Mother’s Day is around the corner. Today I’d like to share the origin of this festival with you on my blog.

Every country has a holiday to honor mothers, motherhood, and their influence on society. The most common day for this celebration is the second Sunday in May. The idea to have a holiday just for celebrating mothers comes from many sources. Long ago, there were ancient events that included honoring women and mothers. However, it was the influence of women in the US that really set the stage for this holiday. The modern American holiday of Mother’s Day was first celebrated in 1908 for her mother in Grafton, West Virginia. Her campaign to make “Mother’s Day” a recognized holiday in the United States began in 1905, Ann Reeves Jarvis, died. Anna’s mother was a peace activist who had cared for wounded soldiers on both sides of the Civil War and created Mother’s Day Work Clubs to address public health issues. Anna was the first to fight for Mother’s Day becoming an official holiday. She finally succeeded in 1914.

Celebrating Mother’s Day is just as varied as the date when it is held. In China, it is just starting to become more and more popular. Carnations（康乃馨）are a very popular Mother’s Day gift and the most sold flowers. Mother’s Day in Canada typically involves small celebrations and gift-giving to one’s mother, or other important female figures in one’s family. In Bangiadesh, the whole country centers around mothers. Specially themed TV shows, and gatherings are organized. In the old days in France, mothers of large families were given medals. Nowadays, flower arrangements, and handmade gifts are popular choices. So is giving mothers a day off to go to a spa or salon.

Don’t forget to express your thanks to your mom on this Mother’s Day!

19．When was Mother’s day first celebrated in modern America?

A．In 1914.                 B．In 1905.                 C．In 1908.                 D．In 1909.

20．What was Anna Reeves Jarvis like?

A．generous and successful.                         B．serious and patient.

C．clever and caring.                                      D．peace-loving and warm-hearted.

21．What does the underlined word “varied” mean in the third paragraph?

A．same                      B．different                 C．popular                  D．important

22．What can be inferred from this passage?

A．People didn’t hold events to honor mothers in the past.

B．Some mothers were presented medals in the old France.

C．Anna celebrated the first Mother’s Day with her mom.

D．The whole country celebrates Mother’s Day in China.

23．Where can this passage be taken from?

A．A textbook.            B．A magazine.           C．A website.              D．A letter

07

The elderly residents(居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.

The project was dreamed up by a local charity(慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s well-being. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.

Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said, “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school.”

“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”

“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.”

There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.

Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said, “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”

Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said, “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”

24．What is the purpose of the project?

A．To ensure harmony in care homes.               B．To provide part-time jobs for the aged.

C．To raise money for medical research.           D．To give the elderly a sense of success.

25．What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?

A．Improve.                B．Oppose.                 C．Begin.                    D．Review.

26．What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?

A．It is well received.                                       B．It needs to be more creative.

C．It is highly profitable.                                D．It takes ages to see the results.

08

Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula（芝麻菜）was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.

In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away—from “ugly”（but quite eatable）vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.

Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”

If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time—but for him, it’s more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D．C．, which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished（有瑕疵的）produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.

Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.

27．What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?

A．We pay little attention to food waste.           B．We waste food carelessly at times.

C．We waste more vegetables than meat.         D．We have good reasons for wasting food.

28．What is a result of food waste according to the text?

A．Moral decline.        B．Environmental harm.C．Energy shortage.    D．Worldwide hunger.

29．What does Curtin suggest people do?

A．Buy only what is needed.                            B．Reduce food product.

C．Go shopping once a week.                          D．Eat in restaurants less often.

09

Do you know how to get on well with people? Do you ever feel shy? What situation makes you feel shy? Do you sometimes feel that you don’t know how to interest people and have conversations with them? Do people find an excuse to leave you as soon as they can?

Try listening! Here is an example of mine.

One evening last week, I was sitting with Hannah, and she said to me, “You are a great mom!” And I said, “Why do you say that suddenly?” She said, “Well, although you are always busy, you always stop to listen to me.”

Here is some advice about listening:

※ Show the other person that you are listening.

※ Look at them.

※ Smile and nod quite often.

※ Shake your head or raise your eyebrows if you don’t follow what they are saying.

※ Don’t tap your foot because this will show impatience.

※ Don’t look at your watch unless you really have to know the time. If you show the impatience, then the other person won’t make friends with you any more.

A good listener has magic! A good listener can make people feel good, and is as important as a good talker at a party. But just listening is not enough. One should listen smartly by trying to find out what the other person would really like to communicate.

30．Hannah thought her mother was great because ________.

A．her mother always listened to her                B．her mother was busy

C．her mother got on well with others              D．her mother was sitting with her

31．When you are listening to others, you shouldn’t ________.

A．look at your watch all the time                    B．look at their eyes

C．smile and nod                                                  D．show your attitude

32．If you tap your foot when listening to others, maybe you’ll ________.

A．be a good listener                                           B．lose their friendship

C．agree with them                                              D．be a good friend

33．What should be the best title of the passage?

A．How to make friends.                                   B．How to talk to people.

C．How to be a good listener.                          D．How to know a person.

10

Globalization means that people, ideas, technology, money, services and many other things are moving between countries and changing the way people think and act.

Not everyone thinks the same way about globalization. Some people think it is bad, and some people think it is good. Some believe that globalization helps rich people get richer and makes poor people poorer. These people say that globalization helps big companies like Coca-Cola and McDonald’s destroy (破坏) local businesses. However, the people who think globalization is a good thing argue that globalization helps poorer people to become richer. They also think that it doesn’t destroy local cultures. These people also believe globalization helps prevent wars. This is because countries with economic (经济的) connections will try hard to keep good relationships so that their economies aren’t destroyed.

Whether you think globalization is good or bad, it affects the world in two areas: jobs and cultures.

Globalization has had a very strong influence on jobs all over the world. For some workers, such as engineers, lawyers and bankers, globalization has been a good development. These workers are able to successfully compete globally and have seen an increase in their pay. But for those who work in factories or in the service industry at hotels, shops and restaurants, it has not been good. Workers from poorer countries are trying to get these types of jobs. They will do the same job for less money. This lowers the pay for that job, so people get paid less to do it.

Cultures have also been affected by globalization. Foods such as Japanese noodles, Indian curry and French cheeses have spread around the world. We can also see an increase in the use of Chinese characters (汉字) in tattoos (文身). Some people get these tattoos but they don’t really know what the characters mean. Globalization also influences the film industry. Most people have seen American movies. But because of globalization, Korean, Indian and Japanese movies have become more worldwide.

No one knows the future of globalization. Most experts agree that it will continue to grow and have an increasingly greater influence on people’s lives in the future.

34．Why do some people think globalization is good?

A．Because they think globalization may change local cultures.

B．Because they think globalization may help local business develop.

C．Because they think globalization may make rich people become richer.

D．Because they think globalization may help stop wars among countries.

35．Which is true according to Paragraph 4?

A．Engineers will get a low pay.

B．People can get favourite jobs more easily.

C．Globalization greatly influences people’s jobs.

D．Workers from rich countries get paid less.

36．Which is the advantage of globalization?

A．It helps people in the world know Chinese characters very well.

B．It makes people in the world go to different countries for movies easier.

C．People in the world will own the same culture in the end.

D．People in the world can enjoy foods from different countries.

37．What can we learn from the passage?

A．Globalization is sure to do good to people.

B．Globalization will be limited in the future.

C．Globalization may change people’s lives in the future.

D．Globalization will be loved all over the world.

…………

参考答案

1．A    2．C

【导语】本文主要介绍了一些城市出现电动踏板车后出现的一些问题。但作者认为电动摩托车是城市交通绿化的重要组成部分。很多的电动滑板车意味着道路上汽车的减少，那么当地的空气质量可能也会改善。

1．词义猜测题。根据“The trip took far longer than it would have by bike”可知作者花费了比骑自行车更久的时间，再由“A rock, hit at speed, is a terrible thing: weeks later, I still had the red knees of a primary schooler.”可知电动车在路上撞到了石头上，作者摔了一跤，a major spill意为“摔了一跤”。故选A。

2．细节理解题。根据“In Paris, Mayor Anne Hidalgo described the situation last year as messy. She has announced that the city is reducing its number of e-scooters to 15,000 and plans to create laws forbidding them from pavements.”可知在巴黎电动踏板车受到了诸多限制。故选C。

3．观点态度题。根据“I think e-scooters are an basic part of the effort to make city transport greener. They are seen as a key to the ‘last mile’ problem—a potential way to reduce transport jam by rapidly getting someone to their final goal.”可知作者认为电动踏板车在“最后一英里”问题中发挥重要作用。故选D。

4．细节理解题。根据“Stephen Gossling at Lund University in Sweden has suggested we build car-free ‘micromobility’ streets, where cyclists, pedestrians and e-scooters could share the road.”可知Stephen Gossling建议在路上把汽车和电动踏板车分开。

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